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Multiple spectroscopic and magnetic techniques show that chloroquine induces formation of the mu-oxo dimer of ferriprotoporphyrin IX
Interaction of the antimalarial chloroquine (CQ) with ferriprotoporphyrin IX, Fe(III)PPIX, was investigated in aqueous solution (pH 7.4) and as a precipitate from aqueous medium at pH 5.0. In solution, spectrophotometric titrations indicated strong association (logKobs 13.3 ¡À 0.2) and a Job plot gave a stoichiometry of 1:2 CQ:Fe(III)PPIX. UV-visible absorbance and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of the complex were compared to various Fe(III)PPIX species. Close similarity to the spectra of the mu-oxo dimer, mu-[Fe(III)PPIX]2O, was revealed. The induction of this species by CQ was confirmed by magnetic susceptibility measurements using the Evans NMR method. The observed low-magnetic moment (2.25 ¡À 0.02 muB) could only be attributed to antiferromagnetically coupled Fe(III) centers. The value was comparable to that of mu-[Fe(III)PPIX]2O (2.0 ¡À 0.1 muB). In the solid-state, mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of CQ in the complex. Dissolution of this solid in aqueous solution (pH 7.4) resulted in a solution with a UV-visible spectrum consistent with the same 1:2 stoichiometry observed in the Job plot. Magnetic susceptibility measurements made on the solid using an Evans balance produced a magnetic moment (2.3 ¡À 0.1 muB) consistent with that in solution. Diffusion coefficients of CQ and its complex with Fe(III)PPIX were measured in aqueous solution (3.3 ¡À 0.3 and 0.6 ¡À 0.2 ¡Á 10- 10 m 2¡¤s- 1, respectively). The latter was used in conjunction with an empirical relationship between diffusion coefficient and molar volume to estimate the degree of aggregation. The findings suggest the formation of a 2:4 CQ:Fe(III)PPIX complex in aqueous solution at pH 7.4.
Multiple spectroscopic and magnetic techniques show that chloroquine induces formation of the mu-oxo dimer of ferriprotoporphyrin IX
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Iron Catalysis in Organic Synthesis | Chemical Reviews,
Iron Catalysis in Organic Synthesis: A Critical Assessment of What It Takes To Make This Base Metal a Multitasking Champion