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A tetraazamacrocycle containing ferrocene moieties has been synthesized and characterized. The tetraprotonated form of this compound was evaluated as a receptor (R) for anion recognition of several substrates (S), Cl-, PF6-, HSO4-, H2PO 4- and carboxylates, such as p-nitrobenzoate (p-nbz -), phthalate (ph2-), isophthalate (iph2-) and dipicolinate (dipic2-). 1H NMR titrations in CD 3OD indicated that this receptor is not suitable for recognizing HSO4- and H2PO4-, but weakly binds p-nbz-, and strongly interacts with ph2-, dipic2-, and iph2- anions forming 1 : 2 assembled species. The largest beta2 binding constant was determined for ph 2-, followed by dipic2- and finally iph2-. The effect of the anionic substrates on the electron-transfer process of the ferrocene units of R was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) in methanol solution and 0.1 mol dm-3 (CH 3)4NCl as the supporting electrolyte. Titrations of the receptor were undertaken by addition of anion solutions in their tetrabutylammonium or tetramethylammonium forms. The protonated ligand exhibits a reversible voltammogram, which shifts cathodically in the presence of the substrates. The data revealed kinetic constraints in the formation of the receptor/substrate entity for dipic2-, ph2- and iph 2- anions, but not for p-nbz-. In spite of the slow kinetics of assembled species formation with the ph2- substrate, this anion provides the largest redox-response when the supramolecular entity is formed, followed by dipic2-, iph2- and finally p-nbz – anions. This trend is in agreement with the 1H NMR results and the values of the binding constants. Single crystal X-ray structures of the receptor with PF6-, ph2-, iph 2- and p-nbz- were carried out and showed that supermolecules with a RS2 stoichiometry are formed with the first three anions, but RS4 with p-nbz-. In all cases the binding occurs outside the macrocyclic cavity via N-H … O=C hydrogen bonds for carboxylate anions and N-H … F hydrogen bonds for the PF 6- anion, which is in agreement with the solution results. The macrocyclic framework adopts different conformations in order to interact with each substrate having Fe … Fe intramolecular distances ranging from 10.125(14) to 12.783(15) A. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2005.
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Reference:
Iron Catalysis in Organic Synthesis | Chemical Reviews,
Iron Catalysis in Organic Synthesis: A Critical Assessment of What It Takes To Make This Base Metal a Multitasking Champion